The Advantages and Disadvantages with producing alcohol by fermentation within an industry

The Alkanes

The general formula CnH2n+2

Methane (CH4) 

 Ethane (C2H6)

Propane (C3H8)

Butane (C4H10)

Pentane (C5H12)

3.4 I can recall the products of complete and incomplete combustion of alkanes

·         Saturated hydrocarbons are called alkanes

·         Small chain hydrocarbons are used as fuels

3.       The reaction is called combustion

4.       The word equation for  this chemical reaction is :

fuel (methane) + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY (heat, light, sound)

5.       If there is insufficient oxygen then the word equation is:

fuel (methane) + __________ → ___________ + ____________ + ENERGY (heat, light, sound)

6.       The problem with this reaction is that carbon monoxide is produced this gas is a poisonous gas to the human body (see objective 5.11)

7.       Where can you find incomplete combustion? Often in cars 

8.       What is used to reduce the harmful products from incomplete combustion? 

9.       During incomplete combustion a smoky flame is often seen, explain this observation

10.   Describe the two chemical tests for water 

- cobalt (II) chloride paper (turns from blue to pink)

- anhydrous copper (II) sulphate (turns from white to blue)

11.   Describe the chemical test for carbon dioxide gas

12.   Describe a physical test for water

3.2 and 3.3 I can recall the general formula and displayed formulae of alkanes

3.1 I can explain the terms homologous series, hydrocarbon, saturated, unsaturated, general formula and isomerism

Term	Definition	Example
Homologous series
Hydrocarbon	A compound containing both HYDROGEN and CARBON	any Alkane.. eg. METHANE
Saturated hydrocarbon	Alkanes, are chemical compounds that consist only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)wherein these atoms are linked together exclusively by single bonds	Propane
Unsaturated hydrocarbon	Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that have double or triple covalent bonds between adjacent carbon atoms	Ethine (INE)
General formula	A formula used to calculate both the amount of CARBON and the amount of HYDROGEN	Cn H 2n+ 2
Isomerism	Having the same molecular formula, but a different displayed formula (different structure)	Pentane

5.12 I can recall the problems associated with the fractional distillation of crude oil

When crude oil undergoes FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION there are too many LONG chain hydrocarbons (eg. BITUMEN) produced and not enough SHORT chain hydrocarbons (eg. PETROL)

To solve those problems the LONG chain hydrocarbons undergo a chemical reaction called CRACKING or also known as a THERMAL DECOMPOSITION REACTION

5.11 I can recall how nitrogen oxides are formed in car engines

a.       Write the general equation for the combustion of a fuel

fuel + oxygen --------> carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY

b.      During combustion the nitrogen in air can react to form what gases?

NO - Nitrogen Monoxide

NO2 - Nitrogen Dioxide

N2O- Laughing gas

(NOx)

c.       What condition is necessary for this reaction to take place?

Very high temperatures

d.      In what common object is this condition found?

In cars

e.      Why is this condition needed for nitrogen to react?

Nitrogen has a very strong bond (2 covalent bonds), almost impossible to separate

f.        What are the dangers of the products from this reaction?

When they dissolve into water, it produces a mixture called NITRIC ACID.. which when evaporated, and rains forms ACID RAIN

5.10 I can recall the problems associated with incomplete combustion

What are the properties of carbon monoxide?
Odorless, colourless ,toxic gas


 Explain how carbon monoxide is formed.. Carbon monoxide is formed when there is an inefficient amount of oxygen/ lack of oxygen and incomplete combustion takes place


  Explain why carbon monoxide is poisonous.. "Carbon monoxide binds very strongly to the iron atoms in hemoglobin, the principal oxygen-carrying compound in blood. The affinity between CO and hemoglobin is much stronger than the affinity between hemoglobin and oxygen. When CO binds to the hemoglobin it cannot be released nearly as readily as oxygen would be" therefore the blood oxygen will not get carried around the body and the body will eventually collapse at the lack of oxygen

Read more: http://www.edinformatics.com/interactive_molecules/carbon_monoxide.htm

5.9 I can describe the trend in boiling point and viscosity of the main fractions

a.       What is the trend in boiling point of the fractions?

The higher up the column you go, the lower the boiling point

b.      Define viscosity (source your definition)

The state of being thick, sticky, and semi fluid in consistency, due to internal friction  http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=define+viscosity&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8

c.       What is the trend in viscosity of the fractions?

As you go up the column the viscosity increase.

d.      What is the trend in colour of the fractions?

The lower we go down the fractionating column the darker and thicker the color gets

e.      Why is crude oil separated into fractions?

Crude oil is of no use on its own.

f.        What process is used to separate crude oil into fractions?

They use the fractionating column

g.       What physical property allows this process to work?

The process used is heating, and the physical property are the different boiling points of the different fractions

5.7 Describe how the industrial process of fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions

How the the process works, the process of the fractioning column, and how it works

5.8 I can recall the names and uses of the main fractions obtained from crude oil

My mnemonic to help me remember the order they come in:

.....

5.6 I can recall what crude oil is made from

(Highlight for answer )


a. Define the word hydrocarbon? A hydrocarbon is a compound containing ONLY hydrogen and carbon


b. Crude oil is a mixture of many hydrocarbons


c. What is crude oil made from? Crude oil is a fossil fuel, meaning that it was made naturally from decaying plants and animals living in ancient seas millions of years ago
d. How long does it take to make? Millions of years!


e. Where does the energy originally come from? It came from the pressure and temperature, which slowly increase
f. How is crude oil different from coal? Coal is something that is formed from the remains of dead trees and ferns and oil is found is the earths crust as crude oil, which was formed by tiny animals and plants that lived in the sea
g. Crude oil, coal and natural gas are collectively known as fossil fuels


h. How is crude oil transported when it is extracted from the ground? Two ways, pipe lines or oil tankers. Pipe lines are usually used when the oil is found near the refinery (an industrial installation where a substance is refined) 

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