The Advantages and Disadvantages with producing alcohol by fermentation within an industry

The Alkanes

The general formula CnH2n+2

Methane (CH4) 

 Ethane (C2H6)

Propane (C3H8)

Butane (C4H10)

Pentane (C5H12)

3.4 I can recall the products of complete and incomplete combustion of alkanes

·         Saturated hydrocarbons are called alkanes

·         Small chain hydrocarbons are used as fuels

3.       The reaction is called combustion

4.       The word equation for  this chemical reaction is :

fuel (methane) + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY (heat, light, sound)

5.       If there is insufficient oxygen then the word equation is:

fuel (methane) + __________ → ___________ + ____________ + ENERGY (heat, light, sound)

6.       The problem with this reaction is that carbon monoxide is produced this gas is a poisonous gas to the human body (see objective 5.11)

7.       Where can you find incomplete combustion? Often in cars 

8.       What is used to reduce the harmful products from incomplete combustion? 

9.       During incomplete combustion a smoky flame is often seen, explain this observation

10.   Describe the two chemical tests for water 

- cobalt (II) chloride paper (turns from blue to pink)

- anhydrous copper (II) sulphate (turns from white to blue)

11.   Describe the chemical test for carbon dioxide gas

12.   Describe a physical test for water

3.2 and 3.3 I can recall the general formula and displayed formulae of alkanes

3.1 I can explain the terms homologous series, hydrocarbon, saturated, unsaturated, general formula and isomerism

Term	Definition	Example
Homologous series
Hydrocarbon	A compound containing both HYDROGEN and CARBON	any Alkane.. eg. METHANE
Saturated hydrocarbon	Alkanes, are chemical compounds that consist only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)wherein these atoms are linked together exclusively by single bonds	Propane
Unsaturated hydrocarbon	Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that have double or triple covalent bonds between adjacent carbon atoms	Ethine (INE)
General formula	A formula used to calculate both the amount of CARBON and the amount of HYDROGEN	Cn H 2n+ 2
Isomerism	Having the same molecular formula, but a different displayed formula (different structure)	Pentane

5.12 I can recall the problems associated with the fractional distillation of crude oil

When crude oil undergoes FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION there are too many LONG chain hydrocarbons (eg. BITUMEN) produced and not enough SHORT chain hydrocarbons (eg. PETROL)

To solve those problems the LONG chain hydrocarbons undergo a chemical reaction called CRACKING or also known as a THERMAL DECOMPOSITION REACTION

5.11 I can recall how nitrogen oxides are formed in car engines

a.       Write the general equation for the combustion of a fuel

fuel + oxygen --------> carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY

b.      During combustion the nitrogen in air can react to form what gases?

NO - Nitrogen Monoxide

NO2 - Nitrogen Dioxide

N2O- Laughing gas

(NOx)

c.       What condition is necessary for this reaction to take place?

Very high temperatures

d.      In what common object is this condition found?

In cars

e.      Why is this condition needed for nitrogen to react?

Nitrogen has a very strong bond (2 covalent bonds), almost impossible to separate

f.        What are the dangers of the products from this reaction?

When they dissolve into water, it produces a mixture called NITRIC ACID.. which when evaporated, and rains forms ACID RAIN